UPSURGE OF DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG SAUDIS: INTERACTION OF GENETICS, ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND LACK OF NATIONALIZED GUIDELINES

Thamir Al-khlaiwi; Aida Korish

doi:10.46903/gjms/22.02.1389

UPSURGE OF DIABETES MELLITUS AMONG SAUDIS: INTERACTION OF GENETICS, ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS AND LACK OF NATIONALIZED GUIDELINES

Thamir Al-khlaiwi, Aida Korish

Abstract

The escalating prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Saudi Arabia (SA) is devastating. SA is ranked the second highest country in DM prevalence in the Middle East region and the seventh worldwide. Several factors in SA are strongly correlated with increased blood glucose levels. These include the high ambient temperature, air pollution, decreased walk ability, increased urbanization, consumption of fast-food diet and low vegetables and fruit intake. In addition, the genetic factors, ethnic differences, metabolic risk factors such as obesity and hyperlipidemia have been evidenced to impact the blood glucose levels in Saudis. Consequently, Saudi population or Arabic societies in general might have different levels of Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) and HbA1C compared to other countries due to the clustering of genetics, ethnicity, hereditary diseases, comorbidities, environmental risk factors, and the changed lifestyle. Unfortunately, lack of large community-sized studies that determine the normal blood glucose levels in the Saudi population based on their genetic, social, and environmental background is noticed. This review aimed to highlight the factors affecting the blood glucose levels in the Saudi population to help the characterization of normal and abnormal levels of blood glucose in this society. The clear understanding of the impact of the different factors on the blood glucose level in Saudis will aid the clinicians toward the proper diagnosis of DM in Saudi patients. In conclusion: the normal and abnormal levels of blood glucose in the Saudi people need to be assessed according to their ethnic, genetic, social, and environmental background. Specific normative guidelines for FBG and HbA1c values in the Saudi population needs to be implemented and utilized in generating a national guideline for DM diagnosis.

Keywords

Diabetes mellitus; Glucose; Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c); Environmental temperature; Pollution; genetics; FBG.

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References

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/22.02.1389