Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Pakistan: A Growing Crisis

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) arises when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites adapt to withstand the medications intended to eliminate them. AMR represents a significant global health challenge that has the potential to disseminate among humans, animals, plants, and the environment. In 2019, bacterial antimicrobial resistance accounted for an estimated 1.27 million human fatalities globally, with the most significant impact felt in low- and middle-income countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The significant threat of AMR in developing countries like Pakistan is well acknowledged, particularly where a portion of the population faces challenges in accessing education and healthcare. Similar to global trends, Pakistan has experienced a notable increase in infections attributed to resistant strains. A 2019 report from the World Health Organization (WHO) identified Pakistan as one of the top five nations experiencing the highest rates of neonatal mortality attributed to resistant bacteria1. The over-prescription of antibiotics in healthcare settings, sometimes for viral infections where antibiotics are ineffective, further accelerates AMR. This not only reduces the effectiveness of existing antibiotics but also limits the development of new, effective treatments.