DISTRIBUTION OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS BY SEX, AGE GROUPS AND RESIDENCE IN YEAR 2020 IN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS POPULATION OF DISTRICT D.I.KHAN, PAKISTAN

Muhammad Rashid; Younas Rehman; Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Younas; Muhammad Bilal; Muhammad Jamil; Amanullah Khan; Zeeshan Khan; Abdul Wahid; Najeeb Ullah; Hayat Ullah; Zohaib Khan Afridi; Asghar Khan; Asad Ullah

doi:10.46903/gjms/19.01.964

DISTRIBUTION OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS BY SEX, AGE GROUPS AND RESIDENCE IN YEAR 2020 IN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS POPULATION OF DISTRICT D.I.KHAN, PAKISTAN

Muhammad Rashid, Younas Rehman, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Younas, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Jamil, Amanullah Khan, Zeeshan Khan, Abdul Wahid, Najeeb Ullah, Hayat Ullah, Zohaib Khan Afridi, Asghar Khan, Asad Ullah

Abstract

Background: Leishmaniasis is not an uncommon tropical disease. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is its most common form. The objectives of our study were to determine the distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis by sex, age groups and residence in year 2020 in cutaneous leishmaniasis population of District D.I.Khan, Pakistan.

Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from July 1, 2021 to August 23, 2021. The data for cutaneous leishmaniasis was retrieved from District Health Office D.I.Khan for year 2020. A sample size of 419 was calculated from population at risk of 1,750,000 with 0.1034% margin of error, 95% confidence level and 0.01164% assumed prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Sex, age groups and residence were our three nominal variables. Distribution was analyzed by count and percentage with 95% confidence intervals. Three hypotheses for distribution were testified by chi-square goodness of fit.

Results: Out of 419 positive cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis, 269 (64.20%) were men and 150 (35.80%) women, 254 (60.62%) in age group up to 19 years, 101 (24.11%) in age group 20-39 years and 64 (15.27%) in age group ≥40 years, and 113 (26.97%) were urban and 306 (73.03%) rural. Our distribution across sex (p=0.01327), age groups (p=<0.0001) and residence (p=<0.0001) were not similar to expected.

Conclusion: The prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in year 2020 in cutaneous leishmaniasis population of District D.I.Khan, Pakistan was higher in men than women, highest in age group up to 19 years than age groups 20-39 and ≥40 years, and higher in rural than urban. The prevalence for men was higher than was expected for men and prevalence for women was lower than was expected for women. The prevalence for age group upto 19 years was highest than expected for this age group. The prevalence for rural was higher than was expected for rural and the prevalence for urban was lower than expected for urban.

Keywords

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis; Leishmania donovani; Distribution; Sex; Age groups; Residence; Pakistan; Urban; Rural; Skin.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Armijos RX, Weigel MM, Izurieta R, Racines J, Zurita C, Herrera W, Vega M. The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in subtropical Ecuador. Trop Med Int Health 1997 Feb;2(2):140-52. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-236.x

El Omari H, Chahlaoui A, Talbi F, Ouarrak K, El Ouali Lalami A. Impact of Urbanization and Socioeconomic Factors on the Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Center of Morocco. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2020 Jan 3;2020:2196418. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2196418

Aksoy M, Doni N, Ozkul HU, Yesilova Y, Ardic N, Yesilova A, Ahn-Jarvis J, Oghumu S, Terrazas C, Satoskar AR. Pediatric Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Region in Turkey: A Retrospective Analysis of 8786 Cases during 1998-2014. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016 Jul 14;10(7):e0004835. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004835

Rajapaksa US, Ihalamulla RL, Udagedera C, Karunaweera ND. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in southern Sri Lanka. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Aug;101(8):799-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.05.013

Ayaz MM, Nazir MM, Ullah N, Zaman A, Akbar A, Zeeshan M, Hussain Z, Naz S, Zheng Y, Javed A, Lindsay DS. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Metropolitan City of Multan, Pakistan, a Neglected Tropical Disease. J Med Entomol 2018 Jun 28;55(4):1040-1042. https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjy003

Hayat U, Ayaz S, Akram M, Khattak AM. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: its prevalence and role of PCR in its detection. J Islamabad Med Dent Coll 2015;4(1):15-8.

Rahim F, Jamal S, Raziq F, Uzair M, Sarwar B, Ali H, et al. An outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a village of district Dir, NWFP. J Postgrad Med Inst 2003;17(1):85-9.

Jamal Q, Shah A, Ali N, Ashraf M, Awan MM, Lee C. Prevalence and Comparative Analysis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Dargai Region in Pakistan. Pakistan J Zoo 2013; 45(2):537-41.

Ullah K, Khan NH, Sepúlveda N, Munir A, Wahid S. Assessing Incidence Patterns and Risk Factors for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Peshawar Region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Parasitol 2016; 102 (5): 501-6. https://doi.org/10.1645/15-919

Hussain M, Munir S, Khan TA, Khan A, Ayaz S, Jamal MA, Ahmed I, Aziz S, Watany N, Kasbari M. Epidemiology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Outbreak, Waziristan, Pakistan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018 Jan;24(1):159-161. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2401.170358

Raosoft® online sample size calculator [Internet]. Raosoft Inc., Seattle, Washington 2004. [accessed 2020 Nov 20]. Available from: www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html

Statistics Kingdom. Proportion confidence interval calculator [internet]. Statistics Kingdom; Melbourne, Australia 2007. [accessed 2020 Nov 22]. Available at: https://www.statskingdom.com/41_proportion_confidence_interval.html

Social Science Statistics. Statistical Tests Calculators [Internet]. [accessed 2020 Nov 22]. Available from: https://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/goodnesso t/default2.aspx

Shah S, Basharat A, Shah M, Marwat M, Billah M, Ali SM. Frequency, distribution and presentation n of hypocalcemia in ß-thalassemia major. Gomal J Med Sci 2018; 16:2-8. https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/16.01.1446

Ghori MR, Khan H, Marwat M. Distribution of non-malignant hematological disorders by sex, age groups and type of disease based on bone marrow aspiration in population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Gomal J Med Sci 2019 Apr-Jun; 17 (2): 29-36. https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/17.02.1926

Ain N, Khan S, Marwat M, Khan N, Ahmad I, Ramzan F, et al. Frequency, distribution and determinants of hypertension in adult stroke population of D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan. Gomal J Med Sci 2019 Jul-Sep; 17 (3):81-9. https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/17.03.2076

Marwat M, Ahmad I, Ashiq F, Ali S, Zamir S, Rehman MU, et al. Frequency, distribution and determinants of diabetes mellitus in adult acute coronary syndrome population of D.I.Khan Division, Pakistan. Gomal J Med Sci 2019 Oct-Dec; 17 (4):131-43. https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/17.04.2106

Khalid MK, Ahmad I, Khan MA, Sharjeel M, Irfan M. Marwat M. Distribution of pediatric cataracts by sex, age groups, laterality, type and presentation in population of D.I.Khan District, Pakistan. Gomal J Med Sci 2019 Oct-Dec; 17 (3):123-30. https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/17.04.2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.01.964